Progress Conference Essay

AGENDA What are the points which I was able to do correctly? What are my common mistakes in writing? Is my topic broad enough to cover the essential parts? Are my sources credible and relevant to the topic I’m writing about? Will my progress plan be effective, or should I redo it and think of other approaches? REVISION Original paragraph   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case assignment, Chuck Hanrahan raised an issue on the problem of illegal immigrants in the United States. He believes existing federal laws are the solution to the problem. What is lacking is the political will to implement them by the right agency. The critical thinking techniques of Brown and Keeley (2006) will serve as the model for this exercise. Hanrahan’s arguments are outlined below. The problem can be solved only by addressing respective demand and supply factors. The government needs political will to implement fully laws covering illegal immigrant workers. Revised   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case assignment, Chuck Hanrahan raises an issue on the problem of illegal immigrants in the United States. He believes that existing federal laws are the solution to the problem. What is lacking is the political will to implement them by the right agency. The model to be used as a guide for this case assignment will be that of Brown and Keeley (2006). Hanrahan’s arguments are outlined below. The problem can be solved only by addressing respective demand and supply factors. The government needs political will to fully implement laws covering illegal immigrant workers. Paraphrasing Original referenced text By not using critical thinking techniques, management analysts may limit their views and opinions that prevent scrutiny of problem situation and unwittingly are led to the wrong solutions by decision traps (Langlois, G. 2007). Paraphrase Critical thinking techniques help management analysts to have a broader view of a problem, leading to the right solutions and away from decision traps. PROGRESS CHECK   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main problems that I encountered is about talking and coordinating with other people. In order to solve this problem, I need to Assess which information that I have is relevant or not. Decide on what course of action I have to take if the problem arises. Writing sentences which are clear and concise no matter what length it is.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly Essay

   The setting in both books is mainly in the 18th century where there wasn’t anything too modern which helped add the theme of gothic horror to the reading audience as in those times it was a lot darker and more horrifying. In an Interview with a vampire the story is set over 200 years. Showing as the theme of gothic horror in the book decreases, as the book becomes more modern. This is shown when Lestat is scared of the modern world and the artificial lights as he thinks they are sunlight scaring him into hiding. There are various themes in both books for example they have written one of the characters acting like God, Lestat in Interview with a vampire and Victor in Frankenstein. This was especially scary in Frankenstein 1816 as the people took religion very seriously and to talk about gods in this way was known as evil, which scared the people who read the book Which would inspire terror into the people who read it. When in Frankenstein the creature says † I am thy creature, I ought to be thy Adam† And in Interview in the vampire when Lestat acts as god by creating Louie and also when Lestat says they are the same as God when he says † Gods kill, and so shall we† This shows the God theme as Lestat connects being a vampire to being Gods which is shown in the quote. Another thing in both books they deal with the themes of outsiders. In Frankenstein when the creature is looking in â€Å"On examining the dwelling, I found that one of the windows of the cottage had formally occupied part of it but the panes had been boarded up with wood. In one of these was a small and almost imperceptible chick, through which the eye could just penetrate. Through this crevice a small room was visible. † Also in Interview with a vampire Louie became an outsider when he became a vampire. † I said goodbye to the sunrise and went out to become a vampire† The two texts are very similar though in many ways. First of all in both texts the main character is an outsider, Louie as a Vampire as he is different from everyone else as he is a vampire and Victor as an outcast to everyone else as he created this monster and is a criminal for doing so making him an outsider and different to other people. Also both authors have lost a child which may have helped write the book using their life experiences to help them writing the book. Both books have roughly the same plot when Louie or the creature both have a natural birth and find it hard to survive. Also in both books they murder when the creature kills people or Louie kills people for blood. As when Louie said, † Now I am guilty of murder. † I think the authors of these two texts have don’t an excellent job in dealing with the theme of outsiders in the text as the setting, the characters and what’s happening around them all make them outsiders. Also what the characters are and how they act and what they do which inspires terror or horror into the reader create the genre of Gothic horror and make it stand out. But what most of all stuck into my mind were the words from Louie, which really made me think Gothic horror and outsiders, was â€Å"I wanted love and goodness in this which is living death’ I said ‘ It was impossible from the beginning, because you cannot have love and goodness when you do what you know to be evil, what you know to be wrong† and also in Frankenstein when Victor said † It was necessary that I should return without delay to Geneva, there to watch over the lives of those I do fondly loved; and to lie in wait for the murderer, that if any chance led me to the place of his concealment, or if he dared† Both showing the Gothic horror in their words like when they say â€Å"murderer† and â€Å"evil† creating the gothic horror feeling. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Operating Procedure Essay

Introduction Hospitality management is being able to handle the relationship between guests and hosts. Also this is an act or practice of hospitability.It includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers,resorts, membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists. The Hotel and Restaurant Management Industry must have Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to guide them in their day to day business operation. An SOP is a document which describes the regularly recurring operations relevant to the quality of the investigation. The purpose of an SOP is to carry out the operations procedure correctly and to do transactions actions repeatedly in the same manner always. Moreover, an SOP manual should be available at the workplace at all times. This serves as a compulsory instruction and guide to every user. Deviations from this instructions should not be allowed and the conditions for these should be documented including who can give permission for this and what exactly the complete procedures will be. The original copy of the manual should rest at a secure place while working copies should be authenticated with stamps and with signatures of authorized persons represented by the company. These SOPs are detailed explanations of how a policy is to be implemented in the company. The main difference between an SOP and a policy are details. An effective SOP communicates who will perform the task, what materials are necessary, where the task will take place, when the task shall be performed,and how the person will execute the task. Aside from the different types of Standard Operating Procedures the manual provides,It should also give instructions for safety precautions in using equipment, laboratory instruments, machines and etc. Moreover, for safety and protection of the users (employees), SOP may be classified further to: 1.) Fundamental SOPs – these give instructions how to make SOPs of the other categories. 2.) Methodic SOPs – these describe a complete testing system or method of investigation.(this include SOP for safety precaution – standard  procedures for operating instruments, apparatus and other equipment; and SOP for analytical methods – preparation of reagents, receiving and registration of samples, for quality assurance and for achievingand how to deal with complaints). Safety and precautionary measures are integral partsin the foundation of building and including the food industry when it comes to food preparing, food cooking and food processing. Also, it should give safety and security in the management of people. It should identify hazardous activities, preventing it by means of doing everything that is needed. Our thesis study focuses on the standard operating procedures in the kitchen laboratories at Adamson University. These will help the university further improve its procedure for safety and security precautionary measures for the student users of the kitchen laboratory. Background The field of work and study of the profession of individuals management in hotels, restaurants, and other institutions are in the hospitality and tourism industry is known as hospitality management. Our thesis will study and comprise the field of hospital industry management of the standard operating procedure for safety and precautionary measures. Hospitality management industry has its own diversity such as when people go out to travel in different places, check in to hotels, hang out and eat at different restaurants, watch movie marathon at any cinema place, and relax at bars or music bars of differentplaces. Hospitality management deals more with the administration and supervision of the works and actions to know the different needs and adjustments in making and writing the SOPs in the different business places that require customer service and hospitality management.Furthermore, it needs a human power relating to the physical capacity of individual to handle such management. In our study, it will not only showcasethe safety and precautionary measures of kitchen laboratory hazards but also aim the enhancement of the living capacity of every involved person directly connected in the processing and operation of the laboratory kitchen of Adamson University. Some examples presented of the hazardous activities are accidents in the kitchen and in the usage of  kitchen equipment like cut from knives or slicer. It includes also the environment where it took place, it affects the carrying out of intervention like slip and falls on wet floor resulting to bruises or wounds. The measures of the safety and precaution of students and professors while in the kitchen laboratory should be observed at all times. Safety is a means of avoidance or prevention related to the engagement in accident or unwanted scenario. Safety must be taught as a way and part of the lives in the culture of business. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This conceptual framework focuses on the assessment of the standard operating procedures in the kitchen laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Departmentas perceived by Hospitality Management Students and Faculty members of Adamson University. The demographic profile of the respondents and the observation of equipment, tools, proper scheduling, receiving and returning of tools, proper storage of tools and equipment in stockrooms are the dependent variables. Using every questionnaire, the researchers were able to determine whether the standard operating procedures inside the kitchen laboratories of Adamson University had a big impact in terms of the safety of their students and professors. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM Figure 1. Title? The figure shows the conceptual paradigm of this study based on the Input, Process and Output (I-P-O) mechanism. The Description in the input of the SOP presented the assessment of the Kitchen Laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Department. In terms of profile of the respondents, factors to be considered in SOP are kitchen manual proper implementation, equipment usage, receiving and returning activities, and proper storage. The process and technique, on the other hand, comprised the distribution of questionnaire, carrying out surveys, and performing observations. In the final output, kitchen manual will be presented and suggested based on the questionnaire, survey and observation results.

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Company law - Essay Example The loan by WRFL to SPFL and the guaranteeing of SPFL’s bank loan by WRFL raises the issue of director’s duties to creditors and shareholders. Had SPFL not been experiencing some financial difficulties, there would have been no duties to consider. Creditors typically have no status jointly or severally with respect to companies that are solvent.4 However, when a company is suffering difficulties or is insolvent the position is quite different. Moreover, while creditors will not be able to sue a solvent company for mismanagement, directors do have a duty to safeguard the interests of creditors. As Lord Templeman stated in Winkworth v Edward Baron Development Co. Ltd: A duty is owed by directors to the company and to the creditors of the company to ensure that the affairs of the company are properly administered and that its property is not dissipated or exploited for the benefit of the directors themselves to the prejudice of the creditors.5 In addition to owing a duty to creditors to safeguard against the mismanagement of the company’s property and assets, Section 172 (3) of the Companies Act 2006 carries the duty to creditors a bit further. This further duty is found in the duty to promote the success of the company for its members6 which is subject to the any law that requires directors â€Å"in certain circumstances to consider or act in the interests of creditors of the company†.7 Even so, the duty toward creditors is not such that directors are required to act in the best interest of creditors but merely to ensure that action taken would not leave creditors more disadvantaged than they would be upon liquidation.8 The overall duty of directors to act in the best interests of the company and its members generally includes the duty to act in the best interests of its shareholders.9 The duty to shareholders and creditors as described so far

What are the effects if the government implement of Good-and-Services Essay

What are the effects if the government implement of Good-and-Services Tax (GST) in Hong Kong with the aim of broaden the tax base in Hong Kong - Essay Example Usually the problem arises because it is politically difficult to lower the demand for expenditure growth and to raise revenue to match government’s tendency to spend more and more. Almost all political systems, democracies included, have this problem. Fortunately for Hong Kong, the Basic Law provides a kind of constitutional limitation of budget deficits. According to professor William Baumol, â€Å"another reason that the public spending tend to rise faster than revenues stems from the fact that the most important component of public spending is civil service remuneration†(Fiscal Issues) Sometimes, volatility can mask what is essentially a structural issue. In a good year, when revenue increases, so does spending. In a bad year, however spending does not decrease when revenue does. If spending always grew to match growth in revenue, over time, spending would exceed revenue. This volatility is really structural imbalance between spending and revenue. Baumol further sta tes, â€Å"the rising share of public expenditure in GDP and the faster growth of recurrent spending over recurrent revenue are the main structural problems with the Hong Kong budget†(Fiscal Issue) In some countries – as for instance, most of the European countries – the reforms consists of a gradual process of adaptation. As a consequence the tax systems in operation in the 30 OECD member countries today are fundamentally different from those which operated in the mid-1980’s.

Thomas edison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thomas edison - Essay Example the day of his birth to have the commitment of trying more than a thousand times to light that luminous bulb, which unlocked the avenues of modern era of the human race. This calls for a tribute to this dedicated and triumphant inventor who brightened the world with his new source of light. Therefore, today, I will try to put some light on the life and achievements of this great inventor, Thomas Alva Edison as a personal way of giving honor and respect to him. This great inventor of the millennium, surprisingly, was unable to talk until his age of four (MacLeod & Krystoforski, pp. 11-14). However, since the age of four, family observed a miraculous change in Edison as he began to talk with keen interest and trying to know almost everything that existed around him. Although family members appreciated his interest, however, this created problem for his teachers as they gradually started taking Edison as a hyperactive and jumbled child. However, nobody knew that this child would be gifting one of the most precious gifts to the human civilization in future. Although this may sound funny, but Thomas once tried to try his luck in the acting before he began to test his invention; however, he was extremely shy person that inclined him to drop this idea. Nevertheless, he continued his fondness for reading and poetry that one often sees in a scientist or an inventor, and that is one of the extraordinary aspects of this great inventor. One more surprising thing about Edison was that at one stage, he began to dislike physics theories of Newton due to confusing terms; however, this even did not lessen his love for sciences (MacLeod & Krystoforski, pp. 23-27). This love for sciences and reading habits helped him a lot in understanding different scientific theories in his own way, another factor inclined him towards creating his own inventions. Belonging to a middle-class family, Thomas always felt the absence of a financial supporter, and for that, he put enormous efforts

Non-current assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Non-current assets - Essay Example The effective date on the basis of IASB was the fiscal periods on or after the financial year ending on 2004. Differences in accounting treatment The accounting standard of IAS 16 refers to the tangible noncurrent assets as property, plant and equipment and identifies that they hold a physical substance which can be used for delivery of goods or services or for purposes of administration. The physical substances are expected to be in use for more than a single accounting period. There are some problems accrued to the definition (Friedrich and Friedrich, 2009). Freehold as well as leasehold land, plants and machinery and buildings are included in the PPE. The aim of the accounting standard is to lay down the treatment for accounting relating to recognition of assets, the willpower of the carrying amounts and the charges of depreciation as well as the loses that relates to them. The accounting standard should be followed in the accounting process for PPE as using another PPE requires t he use of different treatment. A business should have the capability to recognize the associated risks and rewards correlated with the asset (Kelly, n.d. p. 1-3). The business controls the asset. The rewards are the custodies. The cost of risk and repairs are treated as costs. Any loss emerging from the assets are treated as costs as well. Under the accounting standard it is expected that the future anticipated economic benefit will find the way to the owner and the associated costs can be measured reliably. IAS 16 accounts for two models namely the cost model and the revaluation model for measuring PPE. In the first model, an item under PPE is carried at the cost which is less than the accumulated depreciation as well as less than any accumulated impairment losses. In the second model, the item in PPE is carried at fair value less than accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. The standard is in line with the definition of the asset set in IASB. It is possible to have a relia ble cost of PPE by the transaction cost of the market in cases where the asset has been acquired. The incidental acquisition cost includes the attributed cost of carrying the asset to the site (The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, n.d.). The import duties, the cost of preparation of the sites and the fess of professionals are included in the incidental cost of acquisition. The inclusion ceases once the asset is made ready to use. The asset may not be brought into use but it should to ready to use. The costs that are excluded from the standard are cost of generating a new facility, overhead costs of the administration and the cost associated with introducing the new produced product. An obligation often arises to dismantle the product after the life cycle and the obligation is recorded s the liability at the time the asset is recognized. In the cases where the assets are self constructed the costs of the materials that were acquired, the costs related to labour and the other associated costs must be recognized. IAS 38 provides the definition of asset recognition and specifies the ways the carrying amounts should be measured in the following periods as well as guides on the disclosures. The accounting standard can be applied to all intangible assets except the assets that are within the scope of another standard. It is inapplicable to the intangible assets held by someone

Turnover Calculations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Turnover Calculations - Essay Example It also informs the HR professionals that turnover can be a good aspect at times when it applies to non-performing employees since the important thing is employee productivity. Such data also helps HR professionals and their respective organizations to realize that employee turnover brings with it other related costs which include separation costs, vacancy costs, replacement costs, training costs, and indirect costs. In reducing employee turnover rates, HR professionals need to employee effective employee retention practices. Retention is not about offering the best salary packages to employees. One effective retention strategy is the building of positive work relationships within an organization. These include relationships between employees and the organization’s management, as well as relations between the employees themselves. The management includes the supervisors, managers, top-level managers, and the management board. Each of these levels of management has to ensure that they build a cohesive workplace where each worker feels part of the organization. For example, a supervisor can build positive work relationships by being nondiscriminatory and fair, allowing work-family balancing, enabling work flexibility, and providing feedback that appreciates a worker’s performance and efforts. This can create a positive work environment that in turn aids

PTLLS prepare to teach in The Life Long Learning Sector Level4 Assignment

PTLLS prepare to teach in The Life Long Learning Sector Level4 - Assignment Example This outlines the key aspects of teaching legislation and requirements. It is my duty to maintain the professional integrity and uphold are all cost the reputational of my professionalism. It is therefore very crucial to identify the needs of my learners. For this reason it is therefore important to meet the professional requirements that are valued by the institute that I serve, and be responsible for the scheme of work that I am going to teach my learners (LLUK 45). In order for teachers to protect themselves and the best way to do it is to follow the rules of the code of practice. Being a teacher I automatically become a role model to my students and for this reason am not going to discriminate, abuse (physically or verbally), dress in a good manner and avoid tardiness. The code of professional practice comes in support of all teachers as guidance to how to be a good teacher. This society is very dynamic, and teaching as a profession is becoming more and more complicated. In order to keep up with the changes, I need to ensure that I meet the highest possible standard. Due to this reasons I should be committed to my own professional learning, seeking to expand my skills and to deepen my knowledge as a professional teacher (Gravells 78). There are a few legislations that a teacher should comply with. There are some generic legislation that includes code of professional practice (2008), which was developed by the institute for learning (IfL 30) and covers aspects such as professional integrity, respect, reasonable care, professional practice, disclosure and responsibility. The other one is the children act that comprises of five fundamental aspects; each child should be kept healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. It will also be helpful to be guided by the Equality act (2010), which covers aspects such as age, disability, gender, gender

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example The evaluation helps them to know in which program to concentrate their effort to maximize their productivity. As the organization grew, the need for this assessment became critical. This made the sustainability of the organizational growth a problem. The organization faced the management and strategy issue, which also plagues other non-profit organizations. Any organization that lacks machinery to evaluate its programs, cannot know how effective those programs are or how productive they are in terms of delivering their objectives. This means that it cannot clearly demonstrate the commitment it has to its mission and it will be difficult for such an organization to secure long term funding from the funders. An organization such as HCZ with a mission to educate a poor child in Harlem, must know the long-term goals it has and should be in a position to explain clearly to the funders how they are planning to meet their objectives. This will convince the funder to give it the support it requires to continue growing. Fundamentally, the organization should find a way to manage their setups to a success level. It needed an instrument to assess the working programs and discover areas to work more in the organization to increase productivity. Finding a long term funding will enable them grow and achieve their mission and objectives. How to solve the resource problem is of essence especially at this time when some of Hcz’s primary funders such as various clients of Bernie Madoff and Lehman Brothers Holdings are going through financial crisis. (Spector, 98). Canada laid off staff members because of this issue. This is an obstacle to expanding services of the organization. HCZ is a good social asset. The problem that rocks it is how to protect funding from private sectors. For instance, when HCZ was planning 2003 budget, it allocated $11,300 annual spending per student in the promise academy. Funding crises forced the

Diversity And Discrimination In the Work Place, Can It Ever Be Essay

Diversity And Discrimination In the Work Place, Can It Ever Be Overcome - Essay Example Therefore, to overcome this discrimination, diversity management policies should have a high focus on increasing awareness, sensitizing the staff and ensuring inclusive policies. Causes of Discrimination and Strategies to Overcome Awareness In the recent years, eliminating any discrimination due to diversity has been a topic that has received the attention of researchers and scholars. One of the main reasons because of which discrimination takes place in workplace is the lack of awareness that leads to insensitive and discriminatory behavior (Nishii and Wright, 2008). Hence, creating awareness should be one of the most important steps when it comes to diversity management. In addition, creating awareness does not mean having certain non-discriminatory policies at workplace, instead it means educating employees and making them understand how to acknowledge as well as accept the diversity that they would be experiencing. This is particularly crucial in a situation where the majority of employees belong to one particular group (age, gender, ethnic origin, sexual orientation and so on). In such a situation, discrimination can even happen in the form of isolation (Nishii and Wright, 2008). For example, most organizations have a policy of non-discrimination with regard to homosexuals, but due to the stigma associated with homosexuality, it is possible that the individual is looked at in a different manner because of the sexual orientation. Therefore, both the Human Resources team as well as the management should work in tandem through formal sessions, online trainings and need-based individual sessions to improve awareness. Acknowledgement and Acceptance According to Green, Lopez, Wysocki... The paper stresses that with rising competition and challenges related to economic recession, it is necessary for the organization to ensure that any form of discrimination is eliminated because it can result in not just the loss of productivity, but it can also compromise the ethical foundation of the organization. Across the world, the message of equality and acceptance is being propagated and hence, a good diversity management policy which is effectively implemented can help in overcoming the challenge of discrimination at workplace. The report makes a conclusion that , most organizations have a process called diversity training which aims at informing and educating the management as well as the staff about diversity and the advantages that a diverse workforce can provide to the organization. Additionally, some organizations have also implemented the policy of diversity audit. This audit is carried out through means such as surveys and personal interviews to understand if there are any hidden prejudices or discrimination that exists in the organization. A diversity audit can not only help in resolving any discrimination issues, but it can also provide information on how to improve the diversity management strategies from an employee’s perspective. The author declares that one of the major mistakes that organizations make with regard to diversity management is that they frame certain policies and implement it, but do not subject it to periodic review. This can be drawback because as trends related to divers ity change; the needs of diversity management also undergo a change. Hence, they should periodically review these policies to see if it suits their needs of the current set of employees that the organization has.

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay Example for Free

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay In this assignment I am going to explain my approach to the research I have carried out and summarise my findings. To plan and enable learning, as a trainer I must ensure that my training is student centred and inclusive to all. There are many theories and suggestions to consider how this should be done in an adult learning environment. In order to enhance my current knowledge I decided to use reference books, publications, journals and websites to research relevant topics. I also utilised my mentor as a sounding board for ideas and a point of discussion for areas I was unsure about. I reflected on my existing knowledge and my research for Unit One – Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector. I wanted to access new models and theories and link these into the context of my own teaching practice. To do this I searched the internet for reviews of reference material for planning and enabling learning, which I then purchased. I found that my research could be extensive. I had to remain focused and choose topics to explore that I found interesting and relevant to my learning environment and style of delivery. Adult learners need to take responsibility for their own learning. If learners are active in setting their own targets and understand what they need to achieve, motivation and self esteem will reassure their learning experience. Understanding methods of negotiation and inclusivity provides learners with the most appropriate experience, engages the whole group and builds a good rapport. This can be gleaned from the identification of needs as per Ecclestone (1996). I focused my research on the impact of initial assessment on the learning journey. From my experience initial assessment results are not used effectively and the process of initial assessment is usually carried out purely to comply with procedure. My experiences are confirmed by The Chief Inspector’s Report (2003). The Adult Learning Inspectorate found that ‘many providers are using a screening test but not following this up†¦. the results of the assessment are not being used to inform the ILP’ (Wilson, L, 2008, p.139). Initial assessment can have a huge impact on delivery of learning and can form the learner’s ideas, goals and highlight areas of support required. Scales (2008, p.178) states that initial assessment ‘should be handled sensitively to welcome learners in rather than scare with formal testing and assessment procedures’. I agree with this, however, the nature of the assessment will depend on the level and content of the course commenced. Some programmes require a robust assessment process to set parameters and determine suitability to join the course. Wallace (2007, p.154) describes the three key components that come together at the beginning of a programme – the teacher, the learners and the syllabus or specifications of the course. This makes complete sense. To deliver an effective programme and meet the learning outcomes the key elements must come together and crystallise. This will then inform the delivery of the overall programme. This led me to further explore my research around inclusive learning. I chose to continue down the route of motivation and the impact this has on learners. Petty (2009, p.55) noted that ‘Maslow showed that there is only one way of motivating your students. And that is to ensure that your students’ belongingness, esteem and self-actualisation needs are nourished through the learning activities you devise’. Using information from the initial assessment, such as learning needs or styles, resources need to be created and adapted to ensure learning is effective and relevant. Functional skills should be tested and developed when appropriate. In my research I focused on the practicalities of embedding these skills and reports published relating to post 16 education. In the training I deliver I can embed a variety of functional skills to allow individuals to maintain these skills and develop them further. Wilson (2008) suggested that incorporating ICT into teaching doesn’t always suit the teacher and/or learner. This can be the case with the types of sessions I deliver. Functional skills should naturally develop from a session; they can’t be forced into a session if they are inappropriate. Communication is the thread throughout a learning experience that encourages learning and development between the trainer and the learner. It is my responsibility to recognise potential barriers and utilise strategies to overcome these. This is the route I took with my research. I came across theories such as the Communication Climate (Adler et al, 1998) and Emotional Intelligence (Goleman, 1995). Again, I found a real link to negotiating with and including learners. Goleman (1995) believed that ‘if emotions and feelings are not recognised and managed by teachers and learners, then effective learning cannot occur’. My research has broadened my knowledge and understanding to take forward into the classroom. The brief I have provided only really scratches the surface from the extensive reading I carried out; however I will have the opportunity to explore these further within this unit.

Role Of Quantity Surveying Profession Construction Essay

Role Of Quantity Surveying Profession Construction Essay According to Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.1), the role of the quantity surveying has been defined by Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS, 1971) as ensuring that the resources of the construction industry are utilised to the best advantage of society by providing, inter alia, the financial management for projects and a cost consultancy service to the client and designer during the whole construction process. However, the roles of the quantity surveying profession within the contemporary built environment will be discussed as follows: Preliminary cost advice One of the quantity surveyor roles is to ensure that the proposed project is carefully constructed, in terms of costs arising throughout entire design and construction process (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.121). Quantity surveyor also acts to suggest his professional and reliable advices to his client on matter of cost at various stages during the design and construction process. The advices given during inception stage are vital important as the decisions taken in this stage will seriously affect the quality of works to be carried out (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.122). Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.121) stated that the quantity surveyor will offer cost advice for the comparative design solutions of the alternatives materials to be used or the form of construction to be adopted. Quantity surveyor is the recognized professional cost and value consultant, their measurement and valuation knowledge are without equal (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.123). Cost planning According to Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor, Ashworth Hogg (2007, p.126) stated that the cost planning process commences with the preparation of an approximate estimate and then the setting of cost targets for each element. As the design evolves, these cost targets are checked against the developing design and details for any changes in their financial allocations. Quantity surveying profession under this aspect will require the quantity surveyor to allocate the approximate estimated costs into subdivisions, known as elements within a building. Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.122) stated that These elements costs can be compared against the element costs of other similar projects from the quantity surveyors cost library records. The purpose is to provide a better value of money for client. It also keeps the designer fully informed of all the cost implications of the design. Quantity surveyor might also try to reduce the estimated costs by simplifying the details without modifying the design. Besides, contract document will also be prepared on this basic to make the preparation of cost analysis easier. Cost planning will be developed and while taking account of appearance, quality and utility, the cost is planned to be within the economic boundary (Willis, Ashworth Willis, 1994, p.95) Procurement and tendering procedures It is important that quantity surveying profession to be applied during this stage. As stated by Ashworth and Hogg (2007, pp.237-238), role of quantity surveying profession in this aspect will include as follows: Recommending an organizational structure for the proposed development of a project (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Advising on the appointment of the various consultants and contractors in the knowledge of the information provided by the employer (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Managing the information and coordinating the work of the different parties (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Selecting the methods for the appointment of consultants and contractors (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Determining the employers requirement in terms of time, cost and quality (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Assessing the viability of the project and providing advice in respect of funding and taxation advantages (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Quantity surveyor plays a crucial role to provide appropriate advices on the method of procurement to be used for clients who wish to undertake construction work (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.237). There are various procurement methods to deal with the different demand and various situation, client should not select an inappropriate form of procurement unwittingly (Ashworth Hogg, 2007). Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.237) stated that Quantity surveyors are in an excellent position as procurement managers with their specialist knowledge of constructions and contractual procedures. They are able to appraise the characteristic of the competing methods that might be appropriate and to match these with the particular needs and aspirations of the employer. Hence, clients are advised to seek for quantity surveyor for relevant and reliable advices or recommendation before making their final decisions. Due to this, advices and recommendation provided by quantity surveyor must be independently without the intrusion of individual bias and self-interest (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.237). Contract documentation Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.243) stated that When the choice of form of contract has been decided, the next step is the preparation of the documents that will accompany the signed form of contract. The contract documents for any construction will normally include the following information: Contract drawings It includes plans, elevations and cross section. Some other additional details will also be prepared based on the complexity of the project. This will provide information for the client to get the idea of architects or engineers design intentions. The contract drawings are normally provided by architect and engineer (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.243-244). However, the role of quantity surveyor is to collect the drawings and any specifications from the architect and at the same time discuss the job. There is however some more detailed questions will arise, therefore a timetable for the completion of the contract bills will be agreed, along with dates when additional detailed information and drawings can be expected (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.259) Contract bills Quantity surveyor will involve in preparation of contract bills. Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.258) stated that The appointment of the quantity surveyor is likely to have been made at early stage when early price estimates were under consideration. This may be before any drawings are available, in order to provide some cost advice to the client. Due to this, quantity surveyor will normally be needed except for on a very small project, the demand for the profession of quantity surveyor might only to be eliminated (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007, p.258). Besides, there is a condition for contractor who wishes to submit tenders in competition to provide approximate quantities required for particular works. Therefore, quantity surveying firms are then sometimes involved in preparing approximate quantities depending upon the completeness of the drawings and other information from which it was prepared contractors (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.258). Articles of agreement Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.246) stated that This is the part of the contract which the parties sign. The contract is between the employer (building owner) and the contractor (building contractor). The blank spaces in the articles are filled in with the (i) names of employer, contractor, architect and quantity surveyor; (ii) date of the signing of the contract; (iii) location and nature of the work; (iv) list of the contract drawings; (v) amount of the contract sum. Condition of contract The condition of contract includes the contractors obligation to carry out the work shown on the drawings and described in the bills to the satisfaction of the architect. They cover the matter of quality of work, cost time, nominated supplies and subcontractors insurances, fluctuation and VAT. (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.246) Appendix Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.246) stated that The Contract Particulars for the Conditions of Contract include that part of the contract which is peculiar to the particular project in question. It includes key information, for example, on the start and completion dates, the periods of interim payment and the length of the rectification period for which the contractor is responsible. Evaluation of tenders Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.274) stated that In public authorities, tenders will probably be addressed to the secretary or principal chief officer. With private clients they are usually forwarded to the architect or the quantity surveyor. On the due date for receipt of tenders, the envelopes received will be counted to check that they have all been received, prior to being openend. Quantity surveyor will then prepare a list of the tendered amounts after the envelopes are opened. Preliminary examination will be made after that to ascertain which tenders will be taken into consideration for acceptance. A fuller report will be made later by the quantity surveyor (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.274). Besides, according to Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.274), the architect will rely extensively on quantity surveyor for advice on these matters. A report will be made for the client, setting out clearly the arguments in favour of acceptance of one tender or another. Quantity surveyor will have to check and examine for the copy of the priced bills submitted by those tenderer who is under consideration (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.275). Financial reporting and interim payments, cash-flow forecasting According to Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.286) JCT 2005 makes clear duty of the clients quantity surveyor in this respect (clause 4.11): Interim valuations shall be made by the quantity surveyor whenever the architect or contract administrator considers them necessary for the purpose of ascertaining the amount to be started as due in Interim Certificate. Ashworth and Hogg (2007) stated that Most construction projects encountered by the surveyor will have contractual provision for the payment of the contractor for work done, at regular intervals during the contract period. Between the date of the first interim certificate and the practical completion certificate, interim certificates have to be issued by quantity surveyor at a certain intervals stated in the contract particulars. It is the responsibility of quantity surveyor to calculate the amount for the interim payments during each interval (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.286-287). A professional quantity surveyor should always aware that there are conditions for employer to prevent the employer getting penalties and punishments and quantity surveyor should always provide his or her appropriate advices where necessary (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.288). Besides, clients generally desire the final cost of a project to be no more than contract sum. Due to this, it is the role of clients quantity surveyor to try to manage the costs by monitoring the design and site development and provide his professional advices of the likely impacts and remedies (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.302). It is also necessary for quantity surveyor to review all the correspondence and meeting issued on the project in order to identify the potential cost implications. Monthly financial reports will normally be required to advise the client of the anticipated outturn costs (Ashworth Hogg, 2007). Cash-flow forecasts report will be prepared in association with the contractor since it will be greatly influenced by the intended programme of works. Cash-flow forecasts are used as a basis upon which to arrange project finance and monitoring the progress of works (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.305). Final accounting Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.310) stated that The majority of construction projects result in a final cost that is different to that agreed by the client and contractor at commencement of the construction works. The calculation and agreement of this final construction cost, the final account, is usually of the utmost important to both the employer and contractor. Therefore, parties to the contract need to ensure that the final account incorporates a fair valuation of the works carried out. In this aspect, the quantity surveyor will decide on the suitable subdivisions into terms that will be adopted into the account prior to any abstracting or bill remeasurements. As the list of variations develops, quantity surveyor will be able to decide on how to group them. For example, there may be one instruction from the architect for increasing the size of storage tanks, another for the omission of a drinking water point and a third for the addition of three lavatory basins. Each of these will b e measured as a separate item, but the quantity surveyor might decide to group these together as variations on plumbing. It is preferably to highlight the reason for variation in cost report to acknowledge the client on reasons of the costs changed. (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.315-316) Settlement of contractual disputes Quantity surveyors involved themselves in contractual disputes either in litigation in the courts, in arbitration or in alternative dispute resolution cases (ADR) cases. They sometimes involve themselves as witness of fact or expert witness, adjudicators, arbitrators or mediators in ADR cases (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.353) Project management Financial expertise of quantity surveyors make them ideally suited to project management services. According to Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.376), project management provides the important management function of bringing the project team together and may be defined as The overall planning, coordination and control of a project from inception to completion, aimed at meeting a clients requirements in order to produce a functionally viable project that will be completed on time within authorized cost and to the required quality standards. (CIOB 2002) Quantity surveyor sometimes take overall control and responsibility of for coordinating the activities of the various contractors, subcontractors, processes and procedures for the full duration of the project (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Ashworth and Hogg (2007) stated that The skills of the quantity surveyor traditionally included measurement and valuation and to these were later added accounting and negotiation. As the profession evolved, quantity surveying profession were extended to forecasting, analyzing, planning, controlling, evaluating, budgeting, problem solving and modeling. The quantity surveyor knowledge has also been developed by a better understanding of the design and construction process (Ashworth Hogg, 2007).

Amylase And Catalase Enzyme Catalysts Biology Essay

Amylase And Catalase Enzyme Catalysts Biology Essay An enzyme is a catalyst that speeds up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy. Each enzyme works better under optimal conditions, which favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule. Enzyme and substrate concentration, temperature, and pH are environmental factors important by producing the most reaction rate. Also, the different of factors are used to examine the effects of catalase and human amylase. Gas pressure Sensor, Vernier Gas Pressure interface, and Logger Pro are used to collect the pressure of oxygen. At 300C and pH 7 of catalase, the concentration of substrates and enzyme increase and the rates of reaction also rise. However, substrate concentration goes up at 400C and pH 7 of human amylase. Introduction: Enzymes are catalytic proteins, which control a chemical reaction by increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process (Enzyme 2007).The catalytic speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, which needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants to combine with other substances. In reactions, the substances at the beginning of the process are called substrate and enzyme can covert substrate molecules to product molecules. At lowering the activation energy barrier, the enzyme has specific substrates to absorb enough energy to reach the transition state (Campbell 2008). Enzymes are very specific in environmental factors, which affect the reaction rate. The enzyme only works on the substrate that fits the active site and no other (Campbell 2008). The enzyme binds to the substrate called the active site, which is made up amino acids (Enzyme 2007). The substrates enter active site, and the enzyme changes shape such that its active site enfolds the substrate and catalyze the reaction more easily. Moreover, the more substrate molecules are available, the more often they access the active sites (Campbell 2008). Enzyme works better under optimal conditions including enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, and pH because they favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule. Nevertheless, the enzyme will denature and become less efficient the rate of reaction when the conditions get extreme alteration (Campbell 2008). Each enzyme has a different specific temperature, which affects on the rate of reaction. Most human enzymes have optimal temperature of about 35-400C. Substrates collide with active site, the kinetic energy of the molecules coverts to increase chemical potential energy (Campbell 2008). Therefore, the temperature increases to reach the activation energy and the rate of an enzymatic reaction increase. In addition, if the chemical potential energy rises greater, some of the weak bonds of 3-D shape of the active protein are broken (Enzyme 2007). It will denature of the protein and inactivate the protein. Thus, the rate of reaction decrease when there are too much heat. Just as each enzyme has an optimal temperature, pH level also has an optimal of the range pH 6-8.The pH affects the structure of enzymes by altering basic amino acids or ionization of acidic (Campbell 2008). Changes of pH affect to 3-D shape of the protein, and enzymes become denatured. Substrate concentration and enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction of enzymes. When substrate concentration increases, it means that more substrate is added; the reaction rate increases because of using more the active site of the enzyme (enzyme 2007). However, when the active site of the substrate is reached at further point, enzymes are saturated to limit reaction rates. Thus, when the substrate concentration is constant, the rate of reaction of is constant. Nevertheless, when the substrates remain constant, the enzyme concentration increases and the rate of reaction also increases until certain limiting concentration. In the experiment, by different environment factors catalase is used to the actual experiment and human amylase is used to the simulation experiment. Catalase is enzyme present in all living cells. It decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and protects cells( ). Amylase a digestive enzyme made primarily by the pancreas and salivary glands. The primary function of the enzyme amylase is to break down starches in food so that they can be used by the body to trigger specific chemical reactions (Amylase tests.2006). In addition, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ÃŽÂ ±-amylases in human physiology; ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyses alpha-bonds of large alpha-linked polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen (Amylase tests.2006). ÃŽÂ ±-amylase is predicted to work best in the human body temperature of 37 Â °C and pH from 5.6 to 6.9. If body heat exceeds 37Â °C by too much cells become impaired or permanently damaged, at lower temperature metaboli sm decreases without permanent damage until ice crystals form in the cells. Also, if pH is extremely high or low, the activity will decrease for most enzymes. Catalase is predicted in the temperature of 37.50C ,the pH under of 8, and the enzyme and substrate concentration is high. Methods: In this experiment, we tested catalase activity by using a yeast solution to determine the effects of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, and pH. Moreover, we measured the rate of chemical reaction by producing the pressure of oxygen and breaking down of hydrogen peroxide. First, we connected the Gas pressure Sensor to the Vernier Gas Pressure interface .Then we connected the Vernier Gas Pressure interface to the laptop. From the Biology with Computers folder, we opened the file 06 Enzyme (Pressure) from Logger Pro program. Then we used a clean large test tube and placed the enzyme solution at the very bottom of the test tube. In addition, we used an Erlenmeyer flask to keep the test tube from moving during the experiment. Also, we used the rubber stopper to insert and create a tight seal onto the test tube, and the stopper valve was in the closed position. We drew up the substrate solution (3% H2O2+ H2O) into the syringe and connected the syringe to the rubber stopper assembly. Later, we opened the valve of the syringe and injected the peroxide solution into the test tube and immediately closed the valve and clicked the collect button on the Logger Pro. While we waited three minutes to collect data, we didnt swirl or move the test tube. When data coll ection had finished, we removed the rubber stopper assembly and discarded the contents of the test tube. Then, we selected experiment and stored latest run in the Logger Pro software. We clicked on the graph where the data values began to increase, dragged the mouse point to the point where the graph began to look non-linear, and clicked the Linear Fit button to a linear regression.For all the experiments, we used the same processes. For enzyme concentration, we used 15 mL of water and 15 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. We placed one drop of yeast at the bottom of the test tube, and we drew up 6 mL of substrate solution. Following the above procedures, we performed the experiment and determined the rate as the slope of the curves we generated during the experiment. We repeated the experiment using different enzyme concentrations of two, three, four, and five drops and calculated the slopes as mentioned before. Therefore, we recorded the data in table one. Moreover, for substrate concentration we added 1 mL of water with 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. We placed three drops of enzyme solution at the very bottom of the test tube, and we drew up the 6 mL of substate solution into the syringe from the beaker. In the same methods above, we performed the experiment and determined the rate as a slope of the curves during the experiment. We repeated the experiment using different substrate concentrations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mL of water and 4, 3, 2, and 1 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, we recorded the data in table two. Similarly, we used 3 mL of water with 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide for testing the effect of temperature on the enzyme. We added three drops of yeast at the bottom of the test tube and sealed it with the rubber stopper assembly. Then we placed the test tube in the flask half full with ice water and waited for three minutes. Also, at the same we placed syringe in ice for three minutes. We recorded the temperature from the thermometer placed in the ice. After the three minute period, we removed the syringe from the ice and connected it to the rubber stopper assembly, and we followed the general procedures to determine the rate of reaction. We repeated the experiment using different temperature of room temperature, 300C water bath, 400C water bath, 500C water bath, and 600C water bath and calculated the slopes as mentioned before. Thus, we determined the data in table three. Finally, we added 3mL of the pH 3 solution and 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. We placed three drops of yeast solution at the very bottom of the test tube, and we drew up the solutions into the syringe. In the same methods above, we performed the experiment and determined the rate as a slope of the curves during the experiment. We repeated the experiment using different pH solutions of pH 5, pH 7, pH 9, and pH 11. As the result, we recorded the data in table four. Results: Figure 1. Relationship between the rate of reaction and temperature for the human amylase. The data is collected from a simulated experiment by using the program Enzyme Investigation. In this experiment, the rate of reaction of human amylase are based on the constant of substrate concentration of 0.01 mole/L, enzyme concentration of 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-6 mole/L , and pH of 7.Human amylases optimal temperature is 400C. Figure 2.Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of pH for the human amylase. The data is collected from a simulated experiment by using the computer software Enzyme Investigations. While temperature at 250C, substrate concentration of 0.01 mole/L, and enzyme concentration of 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-6 mole/L remain constant, pH changes different level from 1 to 14. Figure3. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of substrate concentration for human amylase. The data is collected from a simulated experiment by using the computer software Enzyme Investigations. In this experiment, temperature at 400C , enzyme concentration of 1.0 ÃÆ'-10-6 mole/L, and pH of 7 remain constant. Figure4 .Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of temperature for the enzyme catalase by using the computer software Logger Pro and determined on a three minutes period each trial. Catalases optimal temperature is 300C. In this experiment, the rate of reaction is based on the constant of substrate concentration of 0.5 mL and yeast of 3 drops. Figure 5. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of pH for enzyme catalase.The data is collected from the actual experiment by using the computer software Logger Pro and determined the experiment on a three minutes period each trial . In this experiment, 3% H2O2 of 3mL and yeast of 3 drops remain constant, but level of pH varies from 3 to 11. Figure 6. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of enzyme concentration for enzyme catalase.The data is collected from the actual experiment by using the computer software Logger Pro and determined on a three minutes period per trial. In this experiment, 15mL of H2O and 15ml of 3%H2O2 remain constant, but more drops for enzyme solutions (yeast) are added. Figure 7. Relationship between the rate of reaction and the effect of substrate concentration for the enzyme catalase.The data is collected from the actual experiment by using computer software Logger Pro and determined on a three minutes period. The effects are based on constant of enzyme solutions of 3 drops. Discussion:

Stirpiculture in the Oneida Community :: essays research papers

Stirpiculture in the Oneida Community   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Humphrey Noyes, a native of Brattleboro, Vermont, rebelled from religion from a young age and after a near death experience became devoted to the goal of being introduced to the ministry. The most influential reasoning to Noyes’ theory was that of Perfectionism, in which believers reached perfection at conversion. Following extensive failure, Noyes finally acquired a following in 1844 in which the thirty-seven members lived communally. Two years later, the prominent ideals began to originate such as â€Å"Complex Marriages† and â€Å"Male Continence.† The Oneida Community’s doctrines had many components, but the basis of the community was centered on the idea of complex marriages. The practice of complex marriages provides the source for many controversial ideas they enacted in addition to what some saw as â€Å"free love.† One such idea was the experiment for the superior race through a monitored procedure known as stirpicu lture. Based upon social Darwinism, the eugenics experiment known as stirpiculture caused unrest in and out of the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stirpiculture experiment, named by John Noyes, began in 1869 as a project to create a race of geniuses. Noyes ideology stemmed from Darwin’s Origin of Species which promoted the â€Å"survival of the fittest† (Carden 61). The selection process was vigorous, including submitting an application to a cabinet of central members who would make the final decision of whether the couple would suffice for the experiment (Whitworth 130). A majority of couples selected their own mates, while a quarter were suggested pairs by the committee (Carden 62). The Oneida founder strived to reach this superior race through the careful selection of healthy, beautiful, and intelligent couples. Noyes and the cabinet’s criterion involved being very spiritually refined, while his son Theodore looked more at the physical condition of the prospective candidates. As early as 1859, women were prescribed to enjoy fresh air, the outdoors and the continual development of mental and spiritual qualities (Kern 263). Women were a necessary part of the eugenics experiment, but Noyes and others thought the choice of the fathers was the key to selective breeding (Kern 232).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women’s ages ranged from twenty-three to forty-two, the men from twenty five thru sixty; often the fathers were ten or more years older than the female participants (Kern 250). One such woman was the niece and lover of John Noyes, Tirzah Miller, she was the embodiment of the ideal woman of the Oneida community, strong in her convictions and firm in the beliefs of the Perfectionist community (Fogarty 17).

Trying to Create a Writing Technology :: Writing Writers Education Essays

Trying to Create a Writing Technology Creating a writing technology is a much more difficult task than I first anticipated. I thought it would be rather simple to create text within nature, but my first attempt failed miserably. I found something to act as the "paper" rather easily, but my problem was finding something that would act as the "ink" on my writing surface. I wanted to create something impressive that could be considered a new way to write. Trying to find something in nature, without the help of modern conveniences, was more of a chore than I first anticipated. I went from trying to carve with sharp rocks, to trying to create ink with flower petals and dandelions, to smashing beets and nothing seemed to work. We have lots of firewood in our backyard, so I just peeled the bark off a large log and used the inside portion of the bark as the writing surface. The tougher part was finding something to show up on that bark. On my first attempt, I created something similar to ink, made with beets, and used a slender twig from the garden to write on the bark. The "ink" was just smashed up beets. It was a pretty thick substance and colored red, so I thought it would show up nicely on the inside of the bark. I was wrong. I thought of beets because I know that's what people used to use to paint their barns red. As I wrote the words, it seemed to be working fine. I let it dry in the garage for about an hour and went back out to check on it, and to my surprise, all my words had totally disappeared. Instead of creating a writing technology, I created a new type of invisible ink. I went onto Plan B with my writing surface made up of the inside of tree bark in hand. I decided I needed something more discernible on the surface. Therefore, I created a sticky substance made by mixing together honey and water and then sprinkled sand over the top to help define the letters and make the words more readable. I administered the sticky substance on the bark with a slender twig and this seemed to work much better than the "beet ink." And to my pleasure, I went back an hour later and the text was still visible.

The National Climate Change Technology Initiative :: Environmental Policy Politics

The National Climate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI) On June 11, 2001, in combination with his creation of the U.S Climate Research Initiative, President Bush stated that the United States is a world leader in technology and innovation and new technologies can offer a great advance towards climate change. As a result, Bush created a complement to the Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI), called the National Climate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI). The goal of NCCTI was to make the U.S a stronger leader of climate change-related technology research and development by improving research and development investments across U.S. agencies and by focusing the Federal R&D portfolio on Bush's climate change goal, both near and long term. NCCTI adds on to an extensive foundation of ongoing activities in R&D of climate change-related technologies. The President said on June 11, 2001: "We're creating the National Climate Change Technology Initiative to strengthen research at universities and national labs, to enhance partnerships in applied research, to develop improved technology for measuring and monitoring gross and net greenhouse gas emissions, and to fund demonstration projects for cutting-edge technologies, such as bioreactors and fuel cells."(5) Potential impacts of technology on a global scale are relatively long-term, the NCCTI is guided over this by the climate change goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992 (Kyoto Protocol), ratified by the United States and more than 170 other countries (5) (3). The UNFCCC calls for the "... stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in Earth's atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system."(5) In order to achieve this long-term goal, net emissions of greenhouse gases on a global scale must ultimately approach levels that are lower than they are today. (1) Current activities of the NCCTI include a thorough and continuing review of all climate change technology-related research and development programs, with focus on improving the integration of supporting basic research activities. The NCCTI interagency working group is developing criteria to identify high-priority programs that may have the largest potential impact in the long term for reducing, avoiding, or sequestering greenhouse gas emissions.(5)(4) NCCTI also includes a proposal to fund a unique competitive solicitation program, in which technology research ideas will be funded on the basis of their potential to reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions.

Topics in Cultural Studies Unit 3 Group Project

Abstract India, Africa, China, and the Americas all experienced syncretism in different ways and at different levels of intensity. Some benefited economically and culturally from this exchange of cultures and goods. Some would have been much better off if left alone. We will discuss the different effects of syncretism on these countries and how they are still feeling these effects today. Syncretism: the Assimilation of Cultures By definition, syncretism is the attempted union of different principles or cultures.Syncretism is a term that can be applied to English Colonists in North and South America when they attempted to merge with various native tribes. These colonists introduced many new things to the natives including religion, weapons, medicine, and various customs. The new technology was similar to magic to these groups of people who were accustomed to living among the trees and wildlife in the wilderness. Africans were able to gain from the many technological advances of the Eu ropeans. A large portion of African culture derived from European Language, religion and customs (Sayre, 2010).On the contrary, only a small portion of African culture was adapted to European culture. The Europeans could have learned much from the seemingly primitive African Nation. Unfortunately Europeans treated Africans like commodities to be bought and sold. In America, Europeans attempted syncretism with the Native Americans with moderate success. The majority of Native Americans were peaceful and open to change. It wasn’t until the European Settlers made life altering changes like destroying herds of buffalo that syncretism became difficult and resulted in events like the Trail of Tears ( The Trail of Tears , 2012).Overall the Native American and African Cultures were open to change and made little resistance to syncretism. On the other hand the Chinese were like a boulder resisting the great force of a flowing river. Archeological Evidence suggests that China was inhab ited nearly 2. 4 million years ago (Larick, 2000). Needless to say that Chinese History is extraordinarily vast and unendingly resistant to syncretism. Europeans did manage to set up trade with the Chinese and create Silk Road. European Missionaries traveled to China on many occasions. Most Significantly the Jesuit Missionaries had a great impact on China.Missionaries like Matteo Ricci moved to China and completely assimilated with their culture in order to introduce Jesuit beliefs to Buddhists and Taoists (Dunne, 1962). Although he was welcomed by the Chinese, he still found great resistance when trying to find converts. India was very similar in its reaction to syncretism because like China, India possesses a vast history. Archeological evidence suggests that Hominids walk the immense and beautiful lands of India over 500,000 years ago (Bongard-Levin, 1979). Once sea routes were found that allowed direct commerce between India and Europe, trading posts were formed.Like the Chinese the Indians welcomed Europeans and gained economically from this agreement. Although the Europeans were welcomed economically, religiously the Indians would not be moved. Missionaries like Jordanus Catalani traveled to India to save the souls of as many non-believers as possible. As the first Bishop in India he acted as a liaison for the Pope and found many converts in India (Ricci Institute, 2012). Although many were converted to Christianity most of India remained Hindu with no desire to convert. India never changed its culture as a whole.Although influenced by Europeans, India kept its ancient culture and way of life. Both China and India welcomed European visitors but resisted change because of their long standing histories and cultures. All four cultures had their own way of life before settlers attempted to add their way of life into the recipe. Length of time as a group did play into the amount resistance each group demonstrated. Another factor that came into play was the am ount of difficulty syncretism would cause each culture. Native American found little difficulty trading with English Settler until the demands of settlers became more and more unreasonable.Eventually most of the Native Americans were enslaved, killed, or expelled from what had been their home for thousands of years. Africans were similarly taken advantage of when European Colonists enslaved and sometimes discarded many. Africa gained much from European Colonization but also found more and more difficulty with syncretism. India and China took full advantage of economic gains of syncretism but never fully gave up their way of life. Today Africa, America, India, and China all have varying levels of cultural change as a result of syncretism. All have a presence of Christianity as a religion till this day. 2. percent of India are Christian while 4 percent of China and 40 percent of Africa share this faith (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). In Africa, unfortunately one of the most lasti ng effects of syncretism is racism and the system of apartheid. India gained its independence from Britain in 1947 and still is an independent nation. India still has keeps many influences from British Government and relations between the UK and India are friendly. Had syncretism not occurred in the Americas, I believe that Native Americans would still live the way that had been living thousands of years before European Colonists forced syncretism on them.The South America the great cities of the Amazon would still be there today. Although technology would not be as advanced as it is now, life would be much more sustainable. These native cultures survived for many thousands of years because of their ability to live with nature not attempting to control nature. If cultural syncretism had taken root during early encounters in China and India unfortunately both of these countries might have suffered the same fate as Africa and the Americas.There would almost certainly be Indian and Chi nese slaves and these countries would have been forced to assimilate as much as the European Colonists felt was convenient. Many more people in China and India would be speaking English today and would be praying to Jesus Christ. Like a priceless masterpiece being thrown into mud, these cultures would have been tarnished or even destroyed. ? References: The Trail of Tears . (2012, November 25). Retrieved from Resource Bank: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567. html Bongard-Levin, G. (1979). A History of India. Progress Publishers: Moscow. Central Intelligence Agency. (2012, November 20).Field Listing :: Religions. Retrieved from The World Factbook: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122. html Dunne, G. (1962). Generation of Giants. Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press. . Larick, R. C. (2000, February). Early Homo erectus Tools in China . Retrieved from Archeology: http://www. archaeology. org/0001/newsbriefs/china. html Ricci Institut e. (2012, November 25). Jordanus, Catalani, Bishop of Columbum, fl. 1302-1330. Retrieved from Ricci Roundtable: http://ricci. rt. usfca. edu/biography/view. aspx? biographyID=1415 Sayre, H. (2010). Discovering the Humanities. New Jersey: Pearson.

The Formal Education System Of Pakistan Education Essay

preparation is the run carriage of learner on where he stinker show the ch whollyenges of the universe either bit trade hot as the indian lodge. It plays a full of life get going to put moral, social and economic criterions of whatever put up and has a re entirelyy truehearted consequence on ideas, guesss and inventionionning of approaching constabularies of a put up. grooming is a read edifice and glob wholey inter-related activity that unlocks the limen to modernisation. learning is the right of every boor and it is the duty of the State to cater educational inst every last(predicate)ations to apiece and every kid. The Universal constringe of Human Rights, 1948 ( as cited in content genteelness Policy, 1998-2010 ) provinces, Every maven has the right to affirmation .The caliber education is a required and inevitable agent for alteration as information is a process of civilisation and readyment. upstart grounds of a signifi open firet liais on betwixt graphic symbol of schooling and whizz productiveness suggests that, from an economic efficiency property, role facets of training deserve attending. Harmonizing to the Imran ( 2011 ) , the progress to of tint in every field is building complex in nature, elements, constituents, and in every regard. percentage is the approximately respectable unless the slipperiest enclosure in the field of counsel. nearlytimes it is utilise in appraising sense, for illustration as a graduated table of wide-cutness. Sometimes it is implied to seek some alone features. The tonicity in teaching method refers to the criterion of complaint, educational installations, pass over of education, methods of broadcast line, school-age childs, exanimation organisation, learning staff etcetera indirect nurture h disuseds redbird prepargon in an educational remains of every state, as it is a celestial pole conformation for most of pupils and it similarly serves as a l inkage between simple psycheal body and tall focus. As it provides input for noble training and hence timbre of high(prenominal) syllabus line is dependent upon tri scarceary training ( AIOU, 1997 ) . subsidiary knowledge ( IX firebird ) is an of here and now sub- field of the abounding educational scheme. It provides the middle(a) class mildew pull back for the economic system on one manus and on the contrasting it acts as a feeder for the high(prenominal) build of reading. high knowledge, which produces character reference lords in different Fieldss, is based on the type of standby charge. Therefore, this degree of tuition demands to be revamped in much(prenominal) a manner that it may fix immature score forces and adult fe anthropoids for the chase of higher(prenominal) educational activity every bit good as may in any event fix them to line up in their practical lives meaningfully and productively ( GOP, 1998 )Developed states fork up e conomic and political stability due to their organized aspect for counselling. On the different manus, flavor of bid is hapless at all degrees in growing and under developed states. create states like Pakistan need straightlaced alterations in their educational systems harmonizing to the demands of their ordering and to accomplish their case aims. The criterion of control or calibre of breeding is really low in Pakistan. With protrude bettering fictitious character of didactics, we can non maintain step with the modern epoch. Keeping this issue in position it was the demand of the twenty-four hours to examine the quality of substitute(prenominal) school cultivation in commonplace and in secret managed schools to the readual place. Iqbal ( 1987 ) reported that pupils in developing states have a low second- wander degree of acquirement canvassd to industrial states and their familiar intro shows a much greater fluctuation around the mean. Harmonizing to a st udy of the World Bank ( 1999 ) , the hirer things which g overnings can make to better the quality of determine be puting criterions, back uping inputs to better, feats, following supple schemes for the acquisition and usage of inputs, and supervising worldly concern presentation. By and large the stairss be non nominaten because of the weight of the bing pedagogy hurrying and direction patterns. Learning procedure requires five inputs the pupil with larning capableness, capable or information to be transferred, teacher time laging bid on the topic, cutting for acquisition, and tools for learning and acquisition. auxiliary development holds a carte du jourinal number place as it is the terminal phase for the bulk of pupils. The largest construe of educated live force in Pakistan is available at this phase. The economic experts believe the inessential way to be a anchor of the economic system objet dart the sociologists consider it is an effectual arm of social r eforms. It can be s tending that the indirect counsel is strongly related with the economic advancement and societal ordinary c be of the state ( Ali, 1970 ) .Two chief areas on the job(p) side by side in the field of tributary instruction are privy and government vault of heaven in Pakistan. matter Education Policy ( 1979 ) treated that private sector plays an of meaning do work in the humble of instruction in a state. It helps both in the qualitative advancement and enlargement. Private sector bears a good trade of outgos burden on this of import societal cause stock-still in the most advanced states. In a state like Pakistan where the existence growing pasture is more(prenominal) or less 3 per centum, yearly and merely approximately 20 per centum of the bing kids are in the substitute(prenominal) schools, the align up of the private sector is severely undeniable to portion this immense load. establishment solely can non construct and run all the scho ols required for this intentAims of the messThis passel seeks to equivalence the quality of instruction of creation and private schools of Gujranwala and the aims of deal were asTo compare the consequences of their pupils who appeared in boards exam.To compare the quality of instruction in footings of physical installations and hindquarters qualities.To compare the ability of instructors.To compare their fee and salary construction.To compare their educational procedures.Significance of the potQuality instruction acknowledges i Learners, Environments, Content, Processes and Outcomes ( UNICEF, 2000 ) . presidential term sector is unable to suit the demands of quickly act population. No 1 can cut through the importance of private sector. Different surveies have highlighted the lacking quality of private sector. This survey endeavors to place the quality of larning environment and creation in reality and private schools. The consequences of this survey allow be huge tu telage to the parents, pupils and general humanity in the fitting of the quality of public and private schools.This survey go away too be controlling for contrivers and policy manufacturing businesss to heighten the quality of instruction and yield footing for reforms in instruction to get the better of all failings of public and private schools by integrating all the superior facets of both sectors.Problem statementThe research role player aims to pull the comparability the criterions of public and private unoriginal schools of Gujranwala in footings of quality of instruction.Research Questions or HypothesisQ1 How can we compare quality of instruction in footings of quality of physical installations and substructure?Q2 What is the diversion of fee construction of public and private schools?Q3 What is the difference of salary piece of ground of the instructors of public and private schools?Q4 What is the difference of qualification of instructors of public and private sch ools?Q 5 What is the difference of difference of occupation term of maculation of public and private schools?Q6 What is the difference of making of principals of public and private schools?Q7 What is the difference of professional making of instructors and principals of public and private schools?Chapter IILITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter, a elabo rank reappraisal of accessible belles-lettres on the quality of collateral instruction in Pakistan has been presented on with a critical reappraisal of the related research has besides been presented at the terminal.Role of EducationEducation is a powerful shoot for force which drives cordial, physical, ideological and moral formulation of an person, so at the analogous clip it ease them to hold full instinct of an instrument for their religious development along with the material fulfilment of human existences. With- in the context of Islamic perceptual experience, instruction is an instrument for developing the attitude of pers ons in conformity with the value of righteousness which helps to construct a sound Islamic society ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1998 ) .Education plays an of import function in human resourcefulness development as it ontogenys the end product, competency of persons and produces adept work force that is capable of taking the economic development. Importance of Education for human resource development does non necessitate any justification. The developed states stimulate highest precedence to instruction same is the instance with the developing states. The fundamental police force of Pakistan defines instruction as one of the cardinal rights of a citizen every bit good as constitutional committedness of the authorities accepts to supply entree to instruction to every citizen ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2000 ) .Formal Education governance of Pakistan The Government of Pakistan shall supply free and mandatary instruction to supreme kids of the province. It might be determined by jurisprudence. ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1972 ) .The intent of instruction is to extinguish the leanness and to better the societal behaviour. Education enhances the societal and ethical development. In formal instruction system, there are figure of phases.Pre-schoolingThe age-group for the pre-schooling is 3 to 5 old ages ( before one category, in Public schools Kachi category and in private schools. Play group / greenhouse/ homework ) .Primary SchoolingThe age-group for uncomplicated is 5 to 9 old ages ( Class 1 to 5 ) .Middle SchoolingThe age-group is 10 to 12years ( Class 6 to 8 ) .Secondary Education hop on of Intermediate and Secondary Education bise conducts the scrutiny ( Class 9 & A 10 ) .higher(prenominal) Secondary/Intermediate EducationBISE awards the assay-mark of Higher Secondary School Education ( HSSC ) ( Class 11 & A 12 ) .Higher EducationFour old ages instruction after Higher Secondary Education is considered as higher instruction. Two old ages for live s grade and far 2 ol d ages for Master s grade. BS awards is besides equal to this grade. M. Phil and PhD plans are besides farther promotion after the completion of victor grade.honorary society of Educational designning and prudence ( 2010-11 ) reported the elaborate analysis of instruction system in Pakistan.Begguilding Academy of Educational figurening and Management, Govt. of Pakistan ( 2010 )Figure 2.1 organise of instruction Sector in PakistanEducation system of Pakistan is comprised of 270,825 establishments and is easing 40,926,661 pupils with the aid of 1,507,100 instructors. The system is composed of 194,151 public establishments and 76,674 private establishments. The public sector is functioning 26.63 million pupils to bury their instruction while the staying 13.96 million pupils are in private sector of instruction ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .Importance of Secondary EducationIt is a true fact that fate of a state is influence in the schoolrooms which implies that instruction is the chief blo od of advancement and development. It can be verbalize without any vacillation that instruction can be largely responsible for the future tense of Pakistan. Through instruction, state edifice procedure for the hereafter citizens of the state can take topographic point. As shortly the instruction molds pupils, state leave behind be molded. From this point of position, a batch of duties lie with the educationalist for quality instruction. Therefore, the instruction must be qualitative so that the pupils may develop necessary cognition, attitude and accomplishments to execute their responsibilities efficaciously. It is in this context that quality instruction becomes the most of import component to heighten the quality of life in any state. It is so worthwhile to raise some issues in this respect and think of their solution ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .In the earlier period of Pakistan, the highest precedences were literacy and numeracy in the schools. save subsequently, personal growing wi th the communicating accomplishment, accomplishment for societal life, problem-solving accomplishment and co-ordination of physical and mental accomplishments got attending and importance by the society. Schools modify its function in a breathing manner through the melodic line of study. Secondary schools develop the ability of logical thinking, proper usage of linguistic communication, societal and ablaze stability in the pupils. Secondary instruction plays a major function to adopt forward realistic and adept pupils.Secondary instruction in all over the universe recognized as an of import degree. The quality of higher instruction is depended upon the quality of this phase. This is the important age of adolescence for young person ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .In Italy higher secondary schools eat called tribunal schools . In England these types of schools were named Grammar Schools in1510.In USA world-class junior Inter montage came into organism in California in 1907. In Pakis tan, secondary instruction consists of four categories IX to XII. These are called secondary and higher secondary. In Pakistan higher secondary schools were established in 1954-55 ( Shahzad, 2007 ) .Harmonizing to the issue Education Policy ( 1979 ) , the instruction system consists of terce degrees as mere(a) Education I to VIIISecondary Education IX to XIIHigher Education Thirteen and so on ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1979 ) .Five Year political syllabuss and Secondary EducationEight Five aged(prenominal) ages programs were presented by Government of Pakistan for the improvement of instruction in Pakistan.The beginning(a) Five-Year Plan ( 1955-60 )Harmonizing to the First Five-Year Plan ( 1955-60 ) , the chief aims of secondary instruction were to present diversified classs in commercialism, husbandry and proficient topics, to better the quality and to maturation the figure of secondary schools. With the aid of ingeminate of history and political orientation of Pakistan, charact er edifice can be workable at secondary degree. Mathematicss and scientific case are compulsory topics for person s calling. 15 schools will be upgraded to high degree. 75 new public schools will be loose. Grants-in-aid will be habituated to 100 privateschools.500 center and 100 high schools will be improved by adding scientific discipline classs. Registration in high schools change magnitude from 0.109 million in 1955 to 0.149 million in 1960 ( Memon, 1986 ) .In this program the more(prenominal) show on the measure sort of than quality. The Second Five Year Plan ( 1960-65 )The chief aims of the second five yr program are integrating of in-between categories in higher secondary schools, variegation of classs, counsel coders, gap of residential schools, and increase of enrollment of secondary instruction ( Iqbal, 1993 ) . During the Plan 160 high schools were opened with all physical installations. 103 in-between schools were up-graded to high schools.Harmonizing to Hussa in ( 2003 ) , the plan for secondary instruction proposed in the program will increase the readjustment by 430.000 pupils at this degree. The program shapers emphasized on measure merely and cipher was concern about the quality of instruction provided to the pupils.The third base Five-Year Plan ( 1965-70 )Iqbal ( 1993 ) defines the aims of the 3rd five twelvemonth program. The chief aims of secondary instruction are in-between phase would be mandatory, development of educational installations, upgrading of in-between schools to high schools, accent on scientific discipline and mathematics, to add together forth adept state, and alter the course of study from general instruction to development of agricultural, commercial and administrative accomplishments. Policy shaper did non concentrate the quality of instruction. Student s accommodation was the Centre of attending.Non- Plan catch ( 1970-78 )Harmonizing to the Iqbal ( 1993 ) that during non-plan period, the chief aims of se condary instruction were to contract down the difference between schools with the aid of comprehensive course of study, to accomplish an registration ratio of 4060 between scientific discipline and humanistic disciplines programmes and consolidation of go outing secondary schools.Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1970 ) , At the high phase ( Class IX and X ) registration is proposed to be change magnitude by 35 million against an registration of 77 million at the terminal of 3rd Plan. Fifth Five-Year Plan ( 1978-83 )The fifth program is really of import in the respect of secondary instruction. There was a outstanding alteration in instruction of measure to quality. Curricula reform aimed at postscript of occupation orient preparation in secondary instruction. 195 Science research labs were constructed. The program provides the agro- proficient classs in 874 schools ( Memon, 1986 ) . Care and feeler of installations in all secondary schools would be mandatory. Although the nece ssity and importance of secondary instruction was accepted in all stakeholders, but subsequently decision makers neglected the state steps.The Sixth Five-Year Plan ( 1983-88 )Education is really necessary for the development of a society. Without instruction, no 1 has of all time been uplift himself and neer assist supply economically benefits to his state. In harmonizing to 6th program Mathematics, Urdu, Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies and Science topics were the mandatory topics. Particular focal point on mathematics and scientific discipline was innate for all pupils at secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1983 ) . Measure of high schools would be change magnitude to 5530 and 1073 in-between schools to be up-graded ( Memon, 1986 ) .The Seventh Five-Year Plan ( 1988-93 )The instruction system suffers from critical status. xl per centum of the kids do non hold entree to instruction. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1988 ) , The seventh program scheme was to increase the li teracy rate through procession and enlargement of primary instruction every bit good as to actuate the private sector to play an active function. While it was estimated that the literacy rate will lift to about 40 per centum by 1992-93, the substructure created during the seventh program was expected to give a literacy rate of 80 per centum by terminal of the century. The 7th program will be rotate out the secondary instruction installations. The course of study at secondary degree will be changed. For the betterment of quality of instruction in secondary schools, Bachelor of Education ( B.Ed. ) grade holder instructors will be appointed. A little inn for pupils will be provided to secondary schools. unity a priori account school for young-begetting(prenominal) childs and one for misss will be launched in each territory for the betterment of quality ( Hussain, 2003 ) .Eighth Five Year Plan ( 1993-98 )Education is cardinal right of every kid. To carry through the demand of measu re, schools ignored the quality and a big figure of educational establishments were opened without proper substructure. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1993 ) , Facilities for secondary instruction will be extended to absorb the increased end product from primary schools. For this intent, about 2.4 million extra seats in categories VI to X will be created by upgrading primary and in-between schools, hatful uping new high schools and adding schoolrooms in the bing schools. social organisation of extra schoolrooms and betterment of the bing edifices of schools will besides be carried out. In urban countries, 2nd displacement will be introduced in secondary schools wherever executable. Private sector will be appreciated for the fusion to raise the registration at the secondary degree. computer program will be rewrite for better quality. Science laboratories will be provided with better-trained instructors ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1993 ) .Hussain ( 2003 ) evaluated that The 8th na tional five twelvemonth program will promote in spread of quality educational establishments to the remote countries of the state. Till the terminal of the Eighth program, each territory will hold a theoretical account school for male childs and each division will hold such an establishment for misss in the populace or private sector. Private sector will be encouraged to set up the quality instruction establishments. Government will set up theoretical account schools merely in territories where such establishments do non be under public or private sector field Education Policies in PakistanSecondary instruction was discussed in all subject field Policies of Pakistan.Report of Commission on subject field Education ( 1959 )On 30th December, 1958 the Government of Pakistan appointed a mission. The map of this charge is to analyse all the old studies and all on-going educational motions of the state. The committee recognized secondary instruction as a fragmentize academic unit. T he committee besides suggested that the secondary instruction should be shared into three phases ( 6 to 12 ) . Urdu, scientific discipline and mathematics should be taught as mandatory topics. Consequences should be complied on the public presentation of the pupils. Science labs and libraries should be provided in all secondary schools ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1959 ) .The Education Policy ( 1972-1980 )On fifteenth March, 1972 the president of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto presented the Educational policy 1972-1980. He expressed that the instruction system was rendered by the pick of the harvest in Pakistan. The authorities allocated really low budget for the instruction. The intent of instruction should bring forth the state with spiritual positions, traditions and civilization. Education system divided into four phases of primary secondary, college and university. Harmonizing to Memon ( 1986 ) , Secondary Education should non be abstract enterprise but must associate to the employment chances. The secondary instruction may supply for innovative integrating of general and proficient instruction. The registration in humanistic disciplines topics may be restricted to the bing degree and important add-on should be made in scientific discipline and agro proficient instruction National Education Policy, 1979Secondary instruction was recognized as a terminal phase of pupils in the National Education Policy, 1979. The quality of higher instruction is based on the quality of secondary instruction. Elementary, secondary and university instruction are three degrees of Pakistan s instruction system s. Physical installations such as scientific discipline labs, and libraries would be provided to the secondary schools. Curriculum should be upgraded. Mathematicss would be mandatory capable. whizz 1000 center schools will be upgraded to high schools and 200 new schools would be opened. New instructors would be appointed ( Ghaffar, 2003 ) .Board of Intermediate and Secondary wou ld be held the scrutiny system at secondary degree. Estimated take budget was Rs. 8,073 million for secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1979 ) .National Education Policy 1998-2010In the position of National Education Policy 1998-2010, secondary instruction has played important function in the whole instruction system. It enhances the work force for the economic system and bring forth feeder the higher degrees of instruction. The quality of higher instruction is based upon the quality of secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1998 ) .The policy shapers had pointed out some failing in the secondary instruction such asNo benignant force for the investor.Unplanned enlargement and false distribution of schools.Being of scientific discipline and mathematics instructors had non been valued.Technical and vocational instruction at secondary degree remained a controversial issue.Physical installations and text editions were deficient.The succeeding(prenominal) stairss were iden tified in the policy for the accomplishment of the aims of secondary instruction in the stateNew theoretical account secondary school would be opened.Definite passage at secondary degree would be introduced.Revision of course of study would be compulsory.Multiple text books would be introduced at secondary degree.In-service and pre-service instructors developing programmes would be arranged. take in method of learning would be initiated at secondary degree.Education service committee would be establishedSalary constructions of instructors would be based on making.Education card would be provided to destitute pupils ( Ghaffar, 2003 ) .The secondary degree input rate is 32 per centum which will be raised to 48 per centum. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1998 ) , unravel of study at secondary phase will be based on two rules. First, at it will supply a compulsory nucleus of topics give every student the cognition helpful for a underdeveloped society. Second, it will include extr a topics and developing to fix the pupils of a definite calling. Curricula for secondary phase ( IX- XII ) shall be revised with a position to excite job resolution, independent theme and in the visible radiation of other aims outlined above.National Plan of transaction 2001-2005Technical instruction was offered in Matriculation as capable. Its chief intent was to fix pupils for the practical life. aft(prenominal) finishing their secondary instruction, they could take the work. National Plan of Action NPA had mark to set up 1,100 proficient high schools in the state. The chief aims of NPA were to emphasis on instruction of adult females, to heighten engagement of society and to advance the quality instruction. Quality betterment and school effectivity had been given cardinal importance. The chief quality inputs were besides pointed out in the National Plan of Action 2001-2005. National Education Assessment System ( NEAS ) was introduced ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2003 ) .National Edu cation Policy 2009The reviewed procedure for the National Education Policy 1998-2010 was shaped in 2005 named White typography . This White Paper became the footing of New Policy and finalized in March 2007.The secondary school system prepares immature people for life. Supplying accomplishments to the push back market and supplying input to the higher instruction are two of import functions of secondary instruction. Access at secondary schools in Pakistan is low in comparing to other states.Average ratio of secondary to primary school is 1 6 in Pakistan, but in different parts of the state, it is 113 ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2009 ) . sideline stairss will be taken for the betterment of secondary instruction in Pakistan cookery shall be expanded specially in those locations where the ratio of Secondary schools is low.Student fiscal support shall be increased.Students shall present more student-centre teaching methods.Handiness of reding installations for the pupils.Life Skills-Based Education ( LSBE ) shall be promoted.